r-week-8-hw-eeb177.Rmd
Canids
#this will get the data from the csv file we made from python
library(ggplot2)
setwd("/home/eeb177-student/Desktop/eeb-177/homework/canids")
canids <- read.csv("/home/eeb177-student/Desktop/eeb-177/homework/canids/canid-ranges.csv", header =F, as.is = T)
names(canids) <- c("genus", "species", "minage", "maxage")
head(canids)## genus species minage maxage
## 1 Aelurodon Aelurodon_asthenostylus 14.7850 18.2000
## 2 Aelurodon Aelurodon_ferox 9.2500 14.7850
## 3 Aelurodon Aelurodon_mcgrewi 14.1815 14.7850
## 4 Aelurodon Aelurodon_montanensis 14.7850 14.7850
## 5 Aelurodon Aelurodon_stirtoni 11.9500 14.7850
## 6 Aelurodon Aelurodon_taxoides 7.6000 14.1815canid_occ <- ggplot(canids, aes( species, ymin = maxage, ymax=minage, colour = genus))
canid_occ <- canid_occ + geom_linerange()
canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(legend.position="none") # this will get rid of the legend on the graph
canid_occ <- canid_occ + coord_flip() # this will flip the axis to maket he graph go the other direction
canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(axis.text.y = element_text(size=3)) # makes the text a more readable size
canid_occ <- canid_occ + theme(axis.ticks.y=element_blank()) # removes the tick marks that are present on the y axis
canid_occ <- canid_occ + scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, 40), expand = c(0, 0), breaks=c(0, 10, 20, 30, 40)) # makes the graph fit more by removing the excess white space
canid_occ <- canid_occ + labs(title = "Canid Fossil Occurrences", x = "Species", y = "Ma ago") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, size=22, face = "bold"), axis.title =element_text(size=20)) # adding in the title and axis labels to the graph
canid_occ## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).
ggsave(filename = "canid-occ.pdf", plot = canid_occ)## Saving 7 x 5 in image## Warning: Removed 2 rows containing missing values (geom_linerange).- What taxonomic group is being depicted in the graph?
print("Canids")## [1] "Canids"- How many unique fossil species are in this family?
cat("Unique species:", nrow(canids))## Unique species: 172- How many unique fossil genera are in this family?
genera <- unique(canids$genus)
cat("Number of Genera:", length(genera))## Number of Genera: 58- What species has the longest genera?
# easier to make a new column that will calculate the ranges and then call on the row that has the maximum range
canids$length <- canids$maxage - canids$minage
max_length_species <- which.max(canids$length)
cat(canids[max_length_species,2], canids[max_length_species,5], "Million years")## Cormocyon_copei 14.3685 Million yearsHeteromyidae
#this will get the data from the csv file we made from python
library(ggplot2)
setwd("/home/eeb177-student/Desktop/eeb-177/homework/canids")
rats <- read.csv("/home/eeb177-student/Desktop/eeb-177/homework/canids/rat-ranges.csv", header =F, as.is = T)
names(rats) <- c("genus", "species", "minage", "maxage")
head(rats)## genus species minage maxage
## 1 Chaetodipus Chaetodipus_formosus 0.06300 0.06885
## 2 Chaetodipus Chaetodipus_hispidus 0.00585 1.05000
## 3 Chaetodipus Chaetodipus_intermedius 0.06885 1.29400
## 4 Cupidinimus Cupidinimus_avawatzensis 11.95000 11.95000
## 5 Cupidinimus Cupidinimus_bidahochiensis 3.35000 7.60000
## 6 Cupidinimus Cupidinimus_boronensis 14.78500 18.20000rats_occ <- ggplot(rats, aes( species, ymin = maxage, ymax=minage, colour = genus))
rats_occ <- rats_occ + geom_linerange()
rats_occ <- rats_occ + theme(legend.position="none") # this will get rid of the legend on the graph
rats_occ <- rats_occ + coord_flip() # this will flip the axis to maket he graph go the other direction
rats_occ <- rats_occ + theme(axis.text.y = element_text(size=3)) # makes the text a more readable size
rats_occ <- rats_occ + theme(axis.ticks.y=element_blank()) # removes the tick marks that are present on the y axis
rats_occ <- rats_occ + scale_y_continuous(limits=c(0, 35), expand = c(0, 0), breaks=c(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40)) # makes the graph fit more by removing the excess white space
rats_occ <- rats_occ + labs(title = "Heteromyidae Fossil Occurrences", x = "Species", y = "Ma ago") + theme(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, size=22, face = "bold"), axis.title =element_text(size=20)) # adding in the title and axis labels to the graph
rats_occ
ggsave(filename = "rat-occ.pdf", plot = rats_occ)## Saving 7 x 5 in image- What taxonomic group is being depicted in the graph?
print("Heteromyidae")## [1] "Heteromyidae"- How many unique fossil species are in this family?
cat("Unique species:", nrow(rats))## Unique species: 100- How many unique fossil genera are in this family?
genera_rat <- unique(rats$genus)
cat("Number of Genera:", length(genera_rat))## Number of Genera: 21- What species has the longest genera?
# easier to make a new column that will calculate the ranges and then call on the row that has the maximum range
rats$length <- rats$maxage - rats$minage
max_length_species <- which.max(rats$length)
cat(rats[max_length_species,2], rats[max_length_species,5], "Million years")## Harrymys_magnus 9.6 Million yearsPart 2: Data Frames
cats <- read.csv(file = "/home/eeb177-student/Desktop/eeb-177/Class-Work/data/feline-data.csv")
age <- c(4,5,8)
cats <- cbind(cats, age)newRow <- list("tortoiseshell", 3.3, TRUE, 9)
cats <- rbind(cats, newRow)levels(cats$coat)## NULLlevels(cats$coat) <- c(levels(cats$coat), 'tortoiseshell')
cats <- rbind(cats, list("tortoiseshell", 3.3, TRUE, 9))## Warning in `[<-.factor`(`*tmp*`, ri, value = structure(c("2", "5", "3", :
## invalid factor level, NA generatedcats## coat weight likes_string age
## calico <NA> 1.0 1 4
## black <NA> 0.0 0 5
## tabby <NA> 2.0 1 8
## 4 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 5 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9str(cats)## 'data.frame': 5 obs. of 4 variables:
## $ coat : Factor w/ 1 level "tortoiseshell": NA NA NA 1 1
## $ weight : num 1 0 2 3.3 3.3
## $ likes_string: int 1 0 1 1 1
## $ age : num 4 5 8 9 9cats$coat <- as.character(cats$coat)
str(cats)## 'data.frame': 5 obs. of 4 variables:
## $ coat : chr NA NA NA "tortoiseshell" ...
## $ weight : num 1 0 2 3.3 3.3
## $ likes_string: int 1 0 1 1 1
## $ age : num 4 5 8 9 9cats[-4,]## coat weight likes_string age
## calico <NA> 1.0 1 4
## black <NA> 0.0 0 5
## tabby <NA> 2.0 1 8
## 5 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9cats <- na.omit(cats)cats <- rbind(cats, cats)
cats## coat weight likes_string age
## 4 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 5 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 41 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 51 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9rownames(cats) <- NULL
cats## coat weight likes_string age
## 1 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 2 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 3 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9
## 4 tortoiseshell 3.3 1 9Challenge 1
df <- data.frame(first = c('Grace'),
last = c('Hopper'),
lucky_number = c(0),
stringsAsFactors = FALSE)
df <- rbind(df, list('Marie', 'Curie', 238) )
df <- cbind(df, coffeetime = c(TRUE,TRUE))
df## first last lucky_number coffeetime
## 1 Grace Hopper 0 TRUE
## 2 Marie Curie 238 TRUEgapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder-FiveYearData.csv")str(gapminder)## 'data.frame': 1704 obs. of 6 variables:
## $ country : Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...
## $ year : int 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 ...
## $ pop : num 8425333 9240934 10267083 11537966 13079460 ...
## $ continent: Factor w/ 5 levels "Africa","Americas",..: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ...
## $ lifeExp : num 28.8 30.3 32 34 36.1 ...
## $ gdpPercap: num 779 821 853 836 740 ...typeof(gapminder$year)## [1] "integer"typeof(gapminder$country)## [1] "integer"str(gapminder$country)## Factor w/ 142 levels "Afghanistan",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...length(gapminder)## [1] 6typeof(gapminder)## [1] "list"dim(gapminder)## [1] 1704 6colnames(gapminder)## [1] "country" "year" "pop" "continent" "lifeExp" "gdpPercap"head(gapminder)## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 Afghanistan 1952 8425333 Asia 28.801 779.4453
## 2 Afghanistan 1957 9240934 Asia 30.332 820.8530
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083 Asia 31.997 853.1007
## 4 Afghanistan 1967 11537966 Asia 34.020 836.1971
## 5 Afghanistan 1972 13079460 Asia 36.088 739.9811
## 6 Afghanistan 1977 14880372 Asia 38.438 786.1134Challenge 2
gapminder <- read.csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/swcarpentry/r-novice-gapminder/gh-pages/_episodes_rmd/data/gapminder-FiveYearData.csv")
#source(file = "~/scripts/load-gapminder.R")Challenge 3
gapminder is a data frame with columns that read: 1704 rows and 6 columns. Country and Continent are factors. Year is an integer vector. pop, lifeExp and gdpPercap are numeric vectors.
Part 2: Subsetting Data
x <- c(5.4, 6.2, 7.1, 4.8, 7.5)
names(x) <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
x## a b c d e
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5x[1]## a
## 5.4x[4]## d
## 4.8x[c(1,3)]## a c
## 5.4 7.1x[1:4]## a b c d
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8x[c(1,1,3)]## a a c
## 5.4 5.4 7.1x[6]## <NA>
## NAx[0]## named numeric(0)x[-2]## a c d e
## 5.4 7.1 4.8 7.5x[c(-1, -5)]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x <- x[-4]
x## a b c e
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 7.5Challenge 1
x <- c(5.4, 6.2, 7.1, 4.8, 7.5)
names(x) <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
print(x)## a b c d e
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5x[2:4]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x[-c(1,5)]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x[c("b", "c", "d")]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x[c(2,3,4)]## b c d
## 6.2 7.1 4.8x[c("a", "c")]## a c
## 5.4 7.1x[-which(names(x) == "a")]## b c d e
## 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5names(x) == "a"## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSEwhich(names(x) == "a")## [1] 1x[-which(names(x) %in% c("a", "c"))]## b d e
## 6.2 4.8 7.5Challenge 2
x <- c(5.4, 6.2, 7.1, 4.8, 7.5)
names(x) <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
print(x)## a b c d e
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5x[-which(names(x) == "g")]## named numeric(0)if there are no TRUE values passed to which, an empty vector is returned integer() is an empty vector
names(x) <- c('a', 'a', 'a')
x['a']## a
## 5.4x[which(names(x) == 'a')]## a a a
## 5.4 6.2 7.1names(x) == c('a', 'c', 'e')## Warning in names(x) == c("a", "c", "e"): longer object length is not a
## multiple of shorter object length## [1] TRUE FALSE FALSE NA NAx[c(TRUE, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE)]## a a <NA>
## 5.4 6.2 7.5x[c(TRUE, FALSE)]## a a <NA>
## 5.4 7.1 7.5x[x > 7]## a <NA>
## 7.1 7.5Challenge 3
x <- c(5.4, 6.2, 7.1, 4.8, 7.5)
names(x) <- c('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e')
print(x)## a b c d e
## 5.4 6.2 7.1 4.8 7.5x_subset <- x[x<7 & x>4]
print(x_subset)## a b d
## 5.4 6.2 4.8f <- factor(c("a", "a", "b", "c", "c", "d"))
f[f == "a"]## [1] a a
## Levels: a b c df[f %in% c("b", "c")]## [1] b c c
## Levels: a b c df[1:3]## [1] a a b
## Levels: a b c df[-3]## [1] a a c c d
## Levels: a b c dset.seed(1)
m <- matrix(rnorm(6*4), ncol=4, nrow=6)
m[3:4, c(3,1)]## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1.12493092 -0.8356286
## [2,] -0.04493361 1.5952808m[, c(3,4)]## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] -0.62124058 0.82122120
## [2,] -2.21469989 0.59390132
## [3,] 1.12493092 0.91897737
## [4,] -0.04493361 0.78213630
## [5,] -0.01619026 0.07456498
## [6,] 0.94383621 -1.98935170m[3,]## [1] -0.8356286 0.5757814 1.1249309 0.9189774m[3, , drop=FALSE]## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] -0.8356286 0.5757814 1.124931 0.9189774m[5]## [1] 0.3295078matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3)## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 3 5
## [2,] 2 4 6matrix(1:6, nrow=2, ncol=3, byrow=TRUE)## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 2 3
## [2,] 4 5 6Challenge 4
m <- matrix(1:18, nrow=3, ncol=6)
print(m)## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] 1 4 7 10 13 16
## [2,] 2 5 8 11 14 17
## [3,] 3 6 9 12 15 18m[2,c(4,5)] will extract the values 11 and 14.
xlist <- list(a = "Software Carpentry", b = 1:10, data = head(iris))
xlist[1]## $a
## [1] "Software Carpentry"xlist[1:2]## $a
## [1] "Software Carpentry"
##
## $b
## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10xlist[[1]]## [1] "Software Carpentry"xlist[["a"]]## [1] "Software Carpentry"xlist$data## Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
## 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
## 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
## 6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosaChallenge 5
xlist <- list(a = "Software Carpentry", b = 1:10, data = head(iris))
xlist[[2]][2]## [1] 2Challenge 6
mod <- aov(pop ~ lifeExp, data=gapminder)
attributes(mod)## $names
## [1] "coefficients" "residuals" "effects" "rank"
## [5] "fitted.values" "assign" "qr" "df.residual"
## [9] "xlevels" "call" "terms" "model"
##
## $class
## [1] "aov" "lm"mod$df.residual## [1] 1702head(gapminder[3])## pop
## 1 8425333
## 2 9240934
## 3 10267083
## 4 11537966
## 5 13079460
## 6 14880372head(gapminder[["lifeExp"]])## [1] 28.801 30.332 31.997 34.020 36.088 38.438head(gapminder$year)## [1] 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977gapminder[1:3,]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 Afghanistan 1952 8425333 Asia 28.801 779.4453
## 2 Afghanistan 1957 9240934 Asia 30.332 820.8530
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083 Asia 31.997 853.1007gapminder[3,]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083 Asia 31.997 853.1007Challenge 7
gapminder[gapminder$year == 1957,]## country year pop continent lifeExp
## 2 Afghanistan 1957 9240934 Asia 30.33200
## 14 Albania 1957 1476505 Europe 59.28000
## 26 Algeria 1957 10270856 Africa 45.68500
## 38 Angola 1957 4561361 Africa 31.99900
## 50 Argentina 1957 19610538 Americas 64.39900
## 62 Australia 1957 9712569 Oceania 70.33000
## 74 Austria 1957 6965860 Europe 67.48000
## 86 Bahrain 1957 138655 Asia 53.83200
## 98 Bangladesh 1957 51365468 Asia 39.34800
## 110 Belgium 1957 8989111 Europe 69.24000
## 122 Benin 1957 1925173 Africa 40.35800
## 134 Bolivia 1957 3211738 Americas 41.89000
## 146 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1957 3076000 Europe 58.45000
## 158 Botswana 1957 474639 Africa 49.61800
## 170 Brazil 1957 65551171 Americas 53.28500
## 182 Bulgaria 1957 7651254 Europe 66.61000
## 194 Burkina Faso 1957 4713416 Africa 34.90600
## 206 Burundi 1957 2667518 Africa 40.53300
## 218 Cambodia 1957 5322536 Asia 41.36600
## 230 Cameroon 1957 5359923 Africa 40.42800
## 242 Canada 1957 17010154 Americas 69.96000
## 254 Central African Republic 1957 1392284 Africa 37.46400
## 266 Chad 1957 2894855 Africa 39.88100
## 278 Chile 1957 7048426 Americas 56.07400
## 290 China 1957 637408000 Asia 50.54896
## 302 Colombia 1957 14485993 Americas 55.11800
## 314 Comoros 1957 170928 Africa 42.46000
## 326 Congo Dem. Rep. 1957 15577932 Africa 40.65200
## 338 Congo Rep. 1957 940458 Africa 45.05300
## 350 Costa Rica 1957 1112300 Americas 60.02600
## 362 Cote d'Ivoire 1957 3300000 Africa 42.46900
## 374 Croatia 1957 3991242 Europe 64.77000
## 386 Cuba 1957 6640752 Americas 62.32500
## 398 Czech Republic 1957 9513758 Europe 69.03000
## 410 Denmark 1957 4487831 Europe 71.81000
## 422 Djibouti 1957 71851 Africa 37.32800
## 434 Dominican Republic 1957 2923186 Americas 49.82800
## 446 Ecuador 1957 4058385 Americas 51.35600
## 458 Egypt 1957 25009741 Africa 44.44400
## 470 El Salvador 1957 2355805 Americas 48.57000
## 482 Equatorial Guinea 1957 232922 Africa 35.98300
## 494 Eritrea 1957 1542611 Africa 38.04700
## 506 Ethiopia 1957 22815614 Africa 36.66700
## 518 Finland 1957 4324000 Europe 67.49000
## 530 France 1957 44310863 Europe 68.93000
## 542 Gabon 1957 434904 Africa 38.99900
## 554 Gambia 1957 323150 Africa 32.06500
## 566 Germany 1957 71019069 Europe 69.10000
## 578 Ghana 1957 6391288 Africa 44.77900
## 590 Greece 1957 8096218 Europe 67.86000
## 602 Guatemala 1957 3640876 Americas 44.14200
## 614 Guinea 1957 2876726 Africa 34.55800
## 626 Guinea-Bissau 1957 601095 Africa 33.48900
## 638 Haiti 1957 3507701 Americas 40.69600
## 650 Honduras 1957 1770390 Americas 44.66500
## 662 Hong Kong China 1957 2736300 Asia 64.75000
## 674 Hungary 1957 9839000 Europe 66.41000
## 686 Iceland 1957 165110 Europe 73.47000
## 698 India 1957 409000000 Asia 40.24900
## 710 Indonesia 1957 90124000 Asia 39.91800
## 722 Iran 1957 19792000 Asia 47.18100
## 734 Iraq 1957 6248643 Asia 48.43700
## 746 Ireland 1957 2878220 Europe 68.90000
## 758 Israel 1957 1944401 Asia 67.84000
## 770 Italy 1957 49182000 Europe 67.81000
## 782 Jamaica 1957 1535090 Americas 62.61000
## 794 Japan 1957 91563009 Asia 65.50000
## 806 Jordan 1957 746559 Asia 45.66900
## 818 Kenya 1957 7454779 Africa 44.68600
## 830 Korea Dem. Rep. 1957 9411381 Asia 54.08100
## 842 Korea Rep. 1957 22611552 Asia 52.68100
## 854 Kuwait 1957 212846 Asia 58.03300
## 866 Lebanon 1957 1647412 Asia 59.48900
## 878 Lesotho 1957 813338 Africa 45.04700
## 890 Liberia 1957 975950 Africa 39.48600
## 902 Libya 1957 1201578 Africa 45.28900
## 914 Madagascar 1957 5181679 Africa 38.86500
## 926 Malawi 1957 3221238 Africa 37.20700
## 938 Malaysia 1957 7739235 Asia 52.10200
## 950 Mali 1957 4241884 Africa 35.30700
## 962 Mauritania 1957 1076852 Africa 42.33800
## 974 Mauritius 1957 609816 Africa 58.08900
## 986 Mexico 1957 35015548 Americas 55.19000
## 998 Mongolia 1957 882134 Asia 45.24800
## 1010 Montenegro 1957 442829 Europe 61.44800
## 1022 Morocco 1957 11406350 Africa 45.42300
## 1034 Mozambique 1957 7038035 Africa 33.77900
## 1046 Myanmar 1957 21731844 Asia 41.90500
## 1058 Namibia 1957 548080 Africa 45.22600
## 1070 Nepal 1957 9682338 Asia 37.68600
## 1082 Netherlands 1957 11026383 Europe 72.99000
## 1094 New Zealand 1957 2229407 Oceania 70.26000
## 1106 Nicaragua 1957 1358828 Americas 45.43200
## 1118 Niger 1957 3692184 Africa 38.59800
## 1130 Nigeria 1957 37173340 Africa 37.80200
## 1142 Norway 1957 3491938 Europe 73.44000
## 1154 Oman 1957 561977 Asia 40.08000
## 1166 Pakistan 1957 46679944 Asia 45.55700
## 1178 Panama 1957 1063506 Americas 59.20100
## 1190 Paraguay 1957 1770902 Americas 63.19600
## 1202 Peru 1957 9146100 Americas 46.26300
## 1214 Philippines 1957 26072194 Asia 51.33400
## 1226 Poland 1957 28235346 Europe 65.77000
## 1238 Portugal 1957 8817650 Europe 61.51000
## 1250 Puerto Rico 1957 2260000 Americas 68.54000
## 1262 Reunion 1957 308700 Africa 55.09000
## 1274 Romania 1957 17829327 Europe 64.10000
## 1286 Rwanda 1957 2822082 Africa 41.50000
## 1298 Sao Tome and Principe 1957 61325 Africa 48.94500
## 1310 Saudi Arabia 1957 4419650 Asia 42.86800
## 1322 Senegal 1957 3054547 Africa 39.32900
## 1334 Serbia 1957 7271135 Europe 61.68500
## 1346 Sierra Leone 1957 2295678 Africa 31.57000
## 1358 Singapore 1957 1445929 Asia 63.17900
## 1370 Slovak Republic 1957 3844277 Europe 67.45000
## 1382 Slovenia 1957 1533070 Europe 67.85000
## 1394 Somalia 1957 2780415 Africa 34.97700
## 1406 South Africa 1957 16151549 Africa 47.98500
## 1418 Spain 1957 29841614 Europe 66.66000
## 1430 Sri Lanka 1957 9128546 Asia 61.45600
## 1442 Sudan 1957 9753392 Africa 39.62400
## 1454 Swaziland 1957 326741 Africa 43.42400
## 1466 Sweden 1957 7363802 Europe 72.49000
## 1478 Switzerland 1957 5126000 Europe 70.56000
## 1490 Syria 1957 4149908 Asia 48.28400
## 1502 Taiwan 1957 10164215 Asia 62.40000
## 1514 Tanzania 1957 9452826 Africa 42.97400
## 1526 Thailand 1957 25041917 Asia 53.63000
## 1538 Togo 1957 1357445 Africa 41.20800
## 1550 Trinidad and Tobago 1957 764900 Americas 61.80000
## 1562 Tunisia 1957 3950849 Africa 47.10000
## 1574 Turkey 1957 25670939 Europe 48.07900
## 1586 Uganda 1957 6675501 Africa 42.57100
## 1598 United Kingdom 1957 51430000 Europe 70.42000
## 1610 United States 1957 171984000 Americas 69.49000
## 1622 Uruguay 1957 2424959 Americas 67.04400
## 1634 Venezuela 1957 6702668 Americas 57.90700
## 1646 Vietnam 1957 28998543 Asia 42.88700
## 1658 West Bank and Gaza 1957 1070439 Asia 45.67100
## 1670 Yemen Rep. 1957 5498090 Asia 33.97000
## 1682 Zambia 1957 3016000 Africa 44.07700
## 1694 Zimbabwe 1957 3646340 Africa 50.46900
## gdpPercap
## 2 820.8530
## 14 1942.2842
## 26 3013.9760
## 38 3827.9405
## 50 6856.8562
## 62 10949.6496
## 74 8842.5980
## 86 11635.7995
## 98 661.6375
## 110 9714.9606
## 122 959.6011
## 134 2127.6863
## 146 1353.9892
## 158 918.2325
## 170 2487.3660
## 182 3008.6707
## 194 617.1835
## 206 379.5646
## 218 434.0383
## 230 1313.0481
## 242 12489.9501
## 254 1190.8443
## 266 1308.4956
## 278 4315.6227
## 290 575.9870
## 302 2323.8056
## 314 1211.1485
## 326 905.8602
## 338 2315.0566
## 350 2990.0108
## 362 1500.8959
## 374 4338.2316
## 386 6092.1744
## 398 8256.3439
## 410 11099.6593
## 422 2864.9691
## 434 1544.4030
## 446 3780.5467
## 458 1458.9153
## 470 3421.5232
## 482 426.0964
## 494 344.1619
## 506 378.9042
## 518 7545.4154
## 530 8662.8349
## 542 4976.1981
## 554 520.9267
## 566 10187.8267
## 578 1043.5615
## 590 4916.2999
## 602 2617.1560
## 614 576.2670
## 626 431.7905
## 638 1726.8879
## 650 2220.4877
## 662 3629.0765
## 674 6040.1800
## 686 9244.0014
## 698 590.0620
## 710 858.9003
## 722 3290.2576
## 734 6229.3336
## 746 5599.0779
## 758 5385.2785
## 770 6248.6562
## 782 4756.5258
## 794 4317.6944
## 806 1886.0806
## 818 944.4383
## 830 1571.1347
## 842 1487.5935
## 854 113523.1329
## 866 6089.7869
## 878 335.9971
## 890 620.9700
## 902 3448.2844
## 914 1589.2027
## 926 416.3698
## 938 1810.0670
## 950 490.3822
## 962 846.1203
## 974 2034.0380
## 986 4131.5466
## 998 912.6626
## 1010 3682.2599
## 1022 1642.0023
## 1034 495.5868
## 1046 350.0000
## 1058 2621.4481
## 1070 597.9364
## 1082 11276.1934
## 1094 12247.3953
## 1106 3457.4159
## 1118 835.5234
## 1130 1100.5926
## 1142 11653.9730
## 1154 2242.7466
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## 1262 2769.4518
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## 1334 4981.0909
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## 1358 2843.1044
## 1370 6093.2630
## 1382 5862.2766
## 1394 1258.1474
## 1406 5487.1042
## 1418 4564.8024
## 1430 1072.5466
## 1442 1770.3371
## 1454 1244.7084
## 1466 9911.8782
## 1478 17909.4897
## 1490 2117.2349
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## 1550 4100.3934
## 1562 1395.2325
## 1574 2218.7543
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## 1610 14847.1271
## 1622 6150.7730
## 1634 9802.4665
## 1646 676.2854
## 1658 1827.0677
## 1670 804.8305
## 1682 1311.9568
## 1694 518.7643gapminder[,-c(1:4)]## lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 28.80100 779.4453
## 2 30.33200 820.8530
## 3 31.99700 853.1007
## 4 34.02000 836.1971
## 5 36.08800 739.9811
## 6 38.43800 786.1134
## 7 39.85400 978.0114
## 8 40.82200 852.3959
## 9 41.67400 649.3414
## 10 41.76300 635.3414
## 11 42.12900 726.7341
## 12 43.82800 974.5803
## 13 55.23000 1601.0561
## 14 59.28000 1942.2842
## 15 64.82000 2312.8890
## 16 66.22000 2760.1969
## 17 67.69000 3313.4222
## 18 68.93000 3533.0039
## 19 70.42000 3630.8807
## 20 72.00000 3738.9327
## 21 71.58100 2497.4379
## 22 72.95000 3193.0546
## 23 75.65100 4604.2117
## 24 76.42300 5937.0295
## 25 43.07700 2449.0082
## 26 45.68500 3013.9760
## 27 48.30300 2550.8169
## 28 51.40700 3246.9918
## 29 54.51800 4182.6638
## 30 58.01400 4910.4168
## 31 61.36800 5745.1602
## 32 65.79900 5681.3585
## 33 67.74400 5023.2166
## 34 69.15200 4797.2951
## 35 70.99400 5288.0404
## 36 72.30100 6223.3675
## 37 30.01500 3520.6103
## 38 31.99900 3827.9405
## 39 34.00000 4269.2767
## 40 35.98500 5522.7764
## 41 37.92800 5473.2880
## 42 39.48300 3008.6474
## 43 39.94200 2756.9537
## 44 39.90600 2430.2083
## 45 40.64700 2627.8457
## 46 40.96300 2277.1409
## 47 41.00300 2773.2873
## 48 42.73100 4797.2313
## 49 62.48500 5911.3151
## 50 64.39900 6856.8562
## 51 65.14200 7133.1660
## 52 65.63400 8052.9530
## 53 67.06500 9443.0385
## 54 68.48100 10079.0267
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## 56 70.77400 9139.6714
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## 62 70.33000 10949.6496
## 63 70.93000 12217.2269
## 64 71.10000 14526.1246
## 65 71.93000 16788.6295
## 66 73.49000 18334.1975
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## 69 77.56000 23424.7668
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## 71 80.37000 30687.7547
## 72 81.23500 34435.3674
## 73 66.80000 6137.0765
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## 76 70.14000 12834.6024
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## 78 72.17000 19749.4223
## 79 73.18000 21597.0836
## 80 74.94000 23687.8261
## 81 76.04000 27042.0187
## 82 77.51000 29095.9207
## 83 78.98000 32417.6077
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## 85 50.93900 9867.0848
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## 92 70.75000 18524.0241
## 93 72.60100 19035.5792
## 94 73.92500 20292.0168
## 95 74.79500 23403.5593
## 96 75.63500 29796.0483
## 97 37.48400 684.2442
## 98 39.34800 661.6375
## 99 41.21600 686.3416
## 100 43.45300 721.1861
## 101 45.25200 630.2336
## 102 46.92300 659.8772
## 103 50.00900 676.9819
## 104 52.81900 751.9794
## 105 56.01800 837.8102
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## 107 62.01300 1136.3904
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## 109 68.00000 8343.1051
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## 111 70.25000 10991.2068
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## 193 31.97500 543.2552
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## 196 40.69700 794.8266
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## 205 39.03100 339.2965
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## 219 43.41500 496.9136
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## 221 40.31700 421.6240
## 222 31.22000 524.9722
## 223 50.95700 624.4755
## 224 53.91400 683.8956
## 225 55.80300 682.3032
## 226 56.53400 734.2852
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## 228 59.72300 1713.7787
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## 231 42.64300 1399.6074
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## 1491 50.30500 2193.0371
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## 1494 61.19500 3195.4846
## 1495 64.59000 3761.8377
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## 1497 69.24900 3340.5428
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## 1499 73.05300 4090.9253
## 1500 74.14300 4184.5481
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## 1512 78.40000 28718.2768
## 1513 41.21500 716.6501
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## 1526 53.63000 793.5774
## 1527 56.06100 1002.1992
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## 1529 60.40500 1524.3589
## 1530 62.49400 1961.2246
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## 1548 58.42000 882.9699
## 1549 59.10000 3023.2719
## 1550 61.80000 4100.3934
## 1551 64.90000 4997.5240
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## 1553 65.90000 6619.5514
## 1554 68.30000 7899.5542
## 1555 68.83200 9119.5286
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## 1558 69.46500 8792.5731
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## 1560 69.81900 18008.5092
## 1561 44.60000 1468.4756
## 1562 47.10000 1395.2325
## 1563 49.57900 1660.3032
## 1564 52.05300 1932.3602
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## 1567 64.04800 3560.2332
## 1568 66.89400 3810.4193
## 1569 70.00100 4332.7202
## 1570 71.97300 4876.7986
## 1571 73.04200 5722.8957
## 1572 73.92300 7092.9230
## 1573 43.58500 1969.1010
## 1574 48.07900 2218.7543
## 1575 52.09800 2322.8699
## 1576 54.33600 2826.3564
## 1577 57.00500 3450.6964
## 1578 59.50700 4269.1223
## 1579 61.03600 4241.3563
## 1580 63.10800 5089.0437
## 1581 66.14600 5678.3483
## 1582 68.83500 6601.4299
## 1583 70.84500 6508.0857
## 1584 71.77700 8458.2764
## 1585 39.97800 734.7535
## 1586 42.57100 774.3711
## 1587 45.34400 767.2717
## 1588 48.05100 908.9185
## 1589 51.01600 950.7359
## 1590 50.35000 843.7331
## 1591 49.84900 682.2662
## 1592 51.50900 617.7244
## 1593 48.82500 644.1708
## 1594 44.57800 816.5591
## 1595 47.81300 927.7210
## 1596 51.54200 1056.3801
## 1597 69.18000 9979.5085
## 1598 70.42000 11283.1779
## 1599 70.76000 12477.1771
## 1600 71.36000 14142.8509
## 1601 72.01000 15895.1164
## 1602 72.76000 17428.7485
## 1603 74.04000 18232.4245
## 1604 75.00700 21664.7877
## 1605 76.42000 22705.0925
## 1606 77.21800 26074.5314
## 1607 78.47100 29478.9992
## 1608 79.42500 33203.2613
## 1609 68.44000 13990.4821
## 1610 69.49000 14847.1271
## 1611 70.21000 16173.1459
## 1612 70.76000 19530.3656
## 1613 71.34000 21806.0359
## 1614 73.38000 24072.6321
## 1615 74.65000 25009.5591
## 1616 75.02000 29884.3504
## 1617 76.09000 32003.9322
## 1618 76.81000 35767.4330
## 1619 77.31000 39097.0995
## 1620 78.24200 42951.6531
## 1621 66.07100 5716.7667
## 1622 67.04400 6150.7730
## 1623 68.25300 5603.3577
## 1624 68.46800 5444.6196
## 1625 68.67300 5703.4089
## 1626 69.48100 6504.3397
## 1627 70.80500 6920.2231
## 1628 71.91800 7452.3990
## 1629 72.75200 8137.0048
## 1630 74.22300 9230.2407
## 1631 75.30700 7727.0020
## 1632 76.38400 10611.4630
## 1633 55.08800 7689.7998
## 1634 57.90700 9802.4665
## 1635 60.77000 8422.9742
## 1636 63.47900 9541.4742
## 1637 65.71200 10505.2597
## 1638 67.45600 13143.9510
## 1639 68.55700 11152.4101
## 1640 70.19000 9883.5846
## 1641 71.15000 10733.9263
## 1642 72.14600 10165.4952
## 1643 72.76600 8605.0478
## 1644 73.74700 11415.8057
## 1645 40.41200 605.0665
## 1646 42.88700 676.2854
## 1647 45.36300 772.0492
## 1648 47.83800 637.1233
## 1649 50.25400 699.5016
## 1650 55.76400 713.5371
## 1651 58.81600 707.2358
## 1652 62.82000 820.7994
## 1653 67.66200 989.0231
## 1654 70.67200 1385.8968
## 1655 73.01700 1764.4567
## 1656 74.24900 2441.5764
## 1657 43.16000 1515.5923
## 1658 45.67100 1827.0677
## 1659 48.12700 2198.9563
## 1660 51.63100 2649.7150
## 1661 56.53200 3133.4093
## 1662 60.76500 3682.8315
## 1663 64.40600 4336.0321
## 1664 67.04600 5107.1974
## 1665 69.71800 6017.6548
## 1666 71.09600 7110.6676
## 1667 72.37000 4515.4876
## 1668 73.42200 3025.3498
## 1669 32.54800 781.7176
## 1670 33.97000 804.8305
## 1671 35.18000 825.6232
## 1672 36.98400 862.4421
## 1673 39.84800 1265.0470
## 1674 44.17500 1829.7652
## 1675 49.11300 1977.5570
## 1676 52.92200 1971.7415
## 1677 55.59900 1879.4967
## 1678 58.02000 2117.4845
## 1679 60.30800 2234.8208
## 1680 62.69800 2280.7699
## 1681 42.03800 1147.3888
## 1682 44.07700 1311.9568
## 1683 46.02300 1452.7258
## 1684 47.76800 1777.0773
## 1685 50.10700 1773.4983
## 1686 51.38600 1588.6883
## 1687 51.82100 1408.6786
## 1688 50.82100 1213.3151
## 1689 46.10000 1210.8846
## 1690 40.23800 1071.3538
## 1691 39.19300 1071.6139
## 1692 42.38400 1271.2116
## 1693 48.45100 406.8841
## 1694 50.46900 518.7643
## 1695 52.35800 527.2722
## 1696 53.99500 569.7951
## 1697 55.63500 799.3622
## 1698 57.67400 685.5877
## 1699 60.36300 788.8550
## 1700 62.35100 706.1573
## 1701 60.37700 693.4208
## 1702 46.80900 792.4500
## 1703 39.98900 672.0386
## 1704 43.48700 469.7093gapminder[gapminder$lifeExp > 80,]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 71 Australia 2002 19546792 Oceania 80.370 30687.75
## 72 Australia 2007 20434176 Oceania 81.235 34435.37
## 252 Canada 2007 33390141 Americas 80.653 36319.24
## 540 France 2007 61083916 Europe 80.657 30470.02
## 671 Hong Kong China 2002 6762476 Asia 81.495 30209.02
## 672 Hong Kong China 2007 6980412 Asia 82.208 39724.98
## 695 Iceland 2002 288030 Europe 80.500 31163.20
## 696 Iceland 2007 301931 Europe 81.757 36180.79
## 768 Israel 2007 6426679 Asia 80.745 25523.28
## 779 Italy 2002 57926999 Europe 80.240 27968.10
## 780 Italy 2007 58147733 Europe 80.546 28569.72
## 802 Japan 1997 125956499 Asia 80.690 28816.58
## 803 Japan 2002 127065841 Asia 82.000 28604.59
## 804 Japan 2007 127467972 Asia 82.603 31656.07
## 1104 New Zealand 2007 4115771 Oceania 80.204 25185.01
## 1152 Norway 2007 4627926 Europe 80.196 49357.19
## 1428 Spain 2007 40448191 Europe 80.941 28821.06
## 1475 Sweden 2002 8954175 Europe 80.040 29341.63
## 1476 Sweden 2007 9031088 Europe 80.884 33859.75
## 1487 Switzerland 2002 7361757 Europe 80.620 34480.96
## 1488 Switzerland 2007 7554661 Europe 81.701 37506.42gapminder[1, c(4, 5)]## continent lifeExp
## 1 Asia 28.801gapminder[gapminder$year == 2002 | gapminder$year == 2007,]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 11 Afghanistan 2002 25268405 Asia 42.129 726.7341
## 12 Afghanistan 2007 31889923 Asia 43.828 974.5803
## 23 Albania 2002 3508512 Europe 75.651 4604.2117
## 24 Albania 2007 3600523 Europe 76.423 5937.0295
## 35 Algeria 2002 31287142 Africa 70.994 5288.0404
## 36 Algeria 2007 33333216 Africa 72.301 6223.3675
## 47 Angola 2002 10866106 Africa 41.003 2773.2873
## 48 Angola 2007 12420476 Africa 42.731 4797.2313
## 59 Argentina 2002 38331121 Americas 74.340 8797.6407
## 60 Argentina 2007 40301927 Americas 75.320 12779.3796
## 71 Australia 2002 19546792 Oceania 80.370 30687.7547
## 72 Australia 2007 20434176 Oceania 81.235 34435.3674
## 83 Austria 2002 8148312 Europe 78.980 32417.6077
## 84 Austria 2007 8199783 Europe 79.829 36126.4927
## 95 Bahrain 2002 656397 Asia 74.795 23403.5593
## 96 Bahrain 2007 708573 Asia 75.635 29796.0483
## 107 Bangladesh 2002 135656790 Asia 62.013 1136.3904
## 108 Bangladesh 2007 150448339 Asia 64.062 1391.2538
## 119 Belgium 2002 10311970 Europe 78.320 30485.8838
## 120 Belgium 2007 10392226 Europe 79.441 33692.6051
## 131 Benin 2002 7026113 Africa 54.406 1372.8779
## 132 Benin 2007 8078314 Africa 56.728 1441.2849
## 143 Bolivia 2002 8445134 Americas 63.883 3413.2627
## 144 Bolivia 2007 9119152 Americas 65.554 3822.1371
## 155 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2002 4165416 Europe 74.090 6018.9752
## 156 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 4552198 Europe 74.852 7446.2988
## 167 Botswana 2002 1630347 Africa 46.634 11003.6051
## 168 Botswana 2007 1639131 Africa 50.728 12569.8518
## 179 Brazil 2002 179914212 Americas 71.006 8131.2128
## 180 Brazil 2007 190010647 Americas 72.390 9065.8008
## 191 Bulgaria 2002 7661799 Europe 72.140 7696.7777
## 192 Bulgaria 2007 7322858 Europe 73.005 10680.7928
## 203 Burkina Faso 2002 12251209 Africa 50.650 1037.6452
## 204 Burkina Faso 2007 14326203 Africa 52.295 1217.0330
## 215 Burundi 2002 7021078 Africa 47.360 446.4035
## 216 Burundi 2007 8390505 Africa 49.580 430.0707
## 227 Cambodia 2002 12926707 Asia 56.752 896.2260
## 228 Cambodia 2007 14131858 Asia 59.723 1713.7787
## 239 Cameroon 2002 15929988 Africa 49.856 1934.0114
## 240 Cameroon 2007 17696293 Africa 50.430 2042.0952
## 251 Canada 2002 31902268 Americas 79.770 33328.9651
## 252 Canada 2007 33390141 Americas 80.653 36319.2350
## 263 Central African Republic 2002 4048013 Africa 43.308 738.6906
## 264 Central African Republic 2007 4369038 Africa 44.741 706.0165
## 275 Chad 2002 8835739 Africa 50.525 1156.1819
## 276 Chad 2007 10238807 Africa 50.651 1704.0637
## 287 Chile 2002 15497046 Americas 77.860 10778.7838
## 288 Chile 2007 16284741 Americas 78.553 13171.6388
## 299 China 2002 1280400000 Asia 72.028 3119.2809
## 300 China 2007 1318683096 Asia 72.961 4959.1149
## 311 Colombia 2002 41008227 Americas 71.682 5755.2600
## 312 Colombia 2007 44227550 Americas 72.889 7006.5804
## 323 Comoros 2002 614382 Africa 62.974 1075.8116
## 324 Comoros 2007 710960 Africa 65.152 986.1479
## 335 Congo Dem. Rep. 2002 55379852 Africa 44.966 241.1659
## 336 Congo Dem. Rep. 2007 64606759 Africa 46.462 277.5519
## 347 Congo Rep. 2002 3328795 Africa 52.970 3484.0620
## 348 Congo Rep. 2007 3800610 Africa 55.322 3632.5578
## 359 Costa Rica 2002 3834934 Americas 78.123 7723.4472
## 360 Costa Rica 2007 4133884 Americas 78.782 9645.0614
## 371 Cote d'Ivoire 2002 16252726 Africa 46.832 1648.8008
## 372 Cote d'Ivoire 2007 18013409 Africa 48.328 1544.7501
## 383 Croatia 2002 4481020 Europe 74.876 11628.3890
## 384 Croatia 2007 4493312 Europe 75.748 14619.2227
## 395 Cuba 2002 11226999 Americas 77.158 6340.6467
## 396 Cuba 2007 11416987 Americas 78.273 8948.1029
## 407 Czech Republic 2002 10256295 Europe 75.510 17596.2102
## 408 Czech Republic 2007 10228744 Europe 76.486 22833.3085
## 419 Denmark 2002 5374693 Europe 77.180 32166.5001
## 420 Denmark 2007 5468120 Europe 78.332 35278.4187
## 431 Djibouti 2002 447416 Africa 53.373 1908.2609
## 432 Djibouti 2007 496374 Africa 54.791 2082.4816
## 443 Dominican Republic 2002 8650322 Americas 70.847 4563.8082
## 444 Dominican Republic 2007 9319622 Americas 72.235 6025.3748
## 455 Ecuador 2002 12921234 Americas 74.173 5773.0445
## 456 Ecuador 2007 13755680 Americas 74.994 6873.2623
## 467 Egypt 2002 73312559 Africa 69.806 4754.6044
## 468 Egypt 2007 80264543 Africa 71.338 5581.1810
## 479 El Salvador 2002 6353681 Americas 70.734 5351.5687
## 480 El Salvador 2007 6939688 Americas 71.878 5728.3535
## 491 Equatorial Guinea 2002 495627 Africa 49.348 7703.4959
## 492 Equatorial Guinea 2007 551201 Africa 51.579 12154.0897
## 503 Eritrea 2002 4414865 Africa 55.240 765.3500
## 504 Eritrea 2007 4906585 Africa 58.040 641.3695
## 515 Ethiopia 2002 67946797 Africa 50.725 530.0535
## 516 Ethiopia 2007 76511887 Africa 52.947 690.8056
## 527 Finland 2002 5193039 Europe 78.370 28204.5906
## 528 Finland 2007 5238460 Europe 79.313 33207.0844
## 539 France 2002 59925035 Europe 79.590 28926.0323
## 540 France 2007 61083916 Europe 80.657 30470.0167
## 551 Gabon 2002 1299304 Africa 56.761 12521.7139
## 552 Gabon 2007 1454867 Africa 56.735 13206.4845
## 563 Gambia 2002 1457766 Africa 58.041 660.5856
## 564 Gambia 2007 1688359 Africa 59.448 752.7497
## 575 Germany 2002 82350671 Europe 78.670 30035.8020
## 576 Germany 2007 82400996 Europe 79.406 32170.3744
## 587 Ghana 2002 20550751 Africa 58.453 1111.9846
## 588 Ghana 2007 22873338 Africa 60.022 1327.6089
## 599 Greece 2002 10603863 Europe 78.256 22514.2548
## 600 Greece 2007 10706290 Europe 79.483 27538.4119
## 611 Guatemala 2002 11178650 Americas 68.978 4858.3475
## 612 Guatemala 2007 12572928 Americas 70.259 5186.0500
## 623 Guinea 2002 8807818 Africa 53.676 945.5836
## 624 Guinea 2007 9947814 Africa 56.007 942.6542
## 635 Guinea-Bissau 2002 1332459 Africa 45.504 575.7047
## 636 Guinea-Bissau 2007 1472041 Africa 46.388 579.2317
## 647 Haiti 2002 7607651 Americas 58.137 1270.3649
## 648 Haiti 2007 8502814 Americas 60.916 1201.6372
## 659 Honduras 2002 6677328 Americas 68.565 3099.7287
## 660 Honduras 2007 7483763 Americas 70.198 3548.3308
## 671 Hong Kong China 2002 6762476 Asia 81.495 30209.0152
## 672 Hong Kong China 2007 6980412 Asia 82.208 39724.9787
## 683 Hungary 2002 10083313 Europe 72.590 14843.9356
## 684 Hungary 2007 9956108 Europe 73.338 18008.9444
## 695 Iceland 2002 288030 Europe 80.500 31163.2020
## 696 Iceland 2007 301931 Europe 81.757 36180.7892
## 707 India 2002 1034172547 Asia 62.879 1746.7695
## 708 India 2007 1110396331 Asia 64.698 2452.2104
## 719 Indonesia 2002 211060000 Asia 68.588 2873.9129
## 720 Indonesia 2007 223547000 Asia 70.650 3540.6516
## 731 Iran 2002 66907826 Asia 69.451 9240.7620
## 732 Iran 2007 69453570 Asia 70.964 11605.7145
## 743 Iraq 2002 24001816 Asia 57.046 4390.7173
## 744 Iraq 2007 27499638 Asia 59.545 4471.0619
## 755 Ireland 2002 3879155 Europe 77.783 34077.0494
## 756 Ireland 2007 4109086 Europe 78.885 40675.9964
## 767 Israel 2002 6029529 Asia 79.696 21905.5951
## 768 Israel 2007 6426679 Asia 80.745 25523.2771
## 779 Italy 2002 57926999 Europe 80.240 27968.0982
## 780 Italy 2007 58147733 Europe 80.546 28569.7197
## 791 Jamaica 2002 2664659 Americas 72.047 6994.7749
## 792 Jamaica 2007 2780132 Americas 72.567 7320.8803
## 803 Japan 2002 127065841 Asia 82.000 28604.5919
## 804 Japan 2007 127467972 Asia 82.603 31656.0681
## 815 Jordan 2002 5307470 Asia 71.263 3844.9172
## 816 Jordan 2007 6053193 Asia 72.535 4519.4612
## 827 Kenya 2002 31386842 Africa 50.992 1287.5147
## 828 Kenya 2007 35610177 Africa 54.110 1463.2493
## 839 Korea Dem. Rep. 2002 22215365 Asia 66.662 1646.7582
## 840 Korea Dem. Rep. 2007 23301725 Asia 67.297 1593.0655
## 851 Korea Rep. 2002 47969150 Asia 77.045 19233.9882
## 852 Korea Rep. 2007 49044790 Asia 78.623 23348.1397
## 863 Kuwait 2002 2111561 Asia 76.904 35110.1057
## 864 Kuwait 2007 2505559 Asia 77.588 47306.9898
## 875 Lebanon 2002 3677780 Asia 71.028 9313.9388
## 876 Lebanon 2007 3921278 Asia 71.993 10461.0587
## 887 Lesotho 2002 2046772 Africa 44.593 1275.1846
## 888 Lesotho 2007 2012649 Africa 42.592 1569.3314
## 899 Liberia 2002 2814651 Africa 43.753 531.4824
## 900 Liberia 2007 3193942 Africa 45.678 414.5073
## 911 Libya 2002 5368585 Africa 72.737 9534.6775
## 912 Libya 2007 6036914 Africa 73.952 12057.4993
## 923 Madagascar 2002 16473477 Africa 57.286 894.6371
## 924 Madagascar 2007 19167654 Africa 59.443 1044.7701
## 935 Malawi 2002 11824495 Africa 45.009 665.4231
## 936 Malawi 2007 13327079 Africa 48.303 759.3499
## 947 Malaysia 2002 22662365 Asia 73.044 10206.9779
## 948 Malaysia 2007 24821286 Asia 74.241 12451.6558
## 959 Mali 2002 10580176 Africa 51.818 951.4098
## 960 Mali 2007 12031795 Africa 54.467 1042.5816
## 971 Mauritania 2002 2828858 Africa 62.247 1579.0195
## 972 Mauritania 2007 3270065 Africa 64.164 1803.1515
## 983 Mauritius 2002 1200206 Africa 71.954 9021.8159
## 984 Mauritius 2007 1250882 Africa 72.801 10956.9911
## 995 Mexico 2002 102479927 Americas 74.902 10742.4405
## 996 Mexico 2007 108700891 Americas 76.195 11977.5750
## 1007 Mongolia 2002 2674234 Asia 65.033 2140.7393
## 1008 Mongolia 2007 2874127 Asia 66.803 3095.7723
## 1019 Montenegro 2002 720230 Europe 73.981 6557.1943
## 1020 Montenegro 2007 684736 Europe 74.543 9253.8961
## 1031 Morocco 2002 31167783 Africa 69.615 3258.4956
## 1032 Morocco 2007 33757175 Africa 71.164 3820.1752
## 1043 Mozambique 2002 18473780 Africa 44.026 633.6179
## 1044 Mozambique 2007 19951656 Africa 42.082 823.6856
## 1055 Myanmar 2002 45598081 Asia 59.908 611.0000
## 1056 Myanmar 2007 47761980 Asia 62.069 944.0000
## 1067 Namibia 2002 1972153 Africa 51.479 4072.3248
## 1068 Namibia 2007 2055080 Africa 52.906 4811.0604
## 1079 Nepal 2002 25873917 Asia 61.340 1057.2063
## 1080 Nepal 2007 28901790 Asia 63.785 1091.3598
## 1091 Netherlands 2002 16122830 Europe 78.530 33724.7578
## 1092 Netherlands 2007 16570613 Europe 79.762 36797.9333
## 1103 New Zealand 2002 3908037 Oceania 79.110 23189.8014
## 1104 New Zealand 2007 4115771 Oceania 80.204 25185.0091
## 1115 Nicaragua 2002 5146848 Americas 70.836 2474.5488
## 1116 Nicaragua 2007 5675356 Americas 72.899 2749.3210
## 1127 Niger 2002 11140655 Africa 54.496 601.0745
## 1128 Niger 2007 12894865 Africa 56.867 619.6769
## 1139 Nigeria 2002 119901274 Africa 46.608 1615.2864
## 1140 Nigeria 2007 135031164 Africa 46.859 2013.9773
## 1151 Norway 2002 4535591 Europe 79.050 44683.9753
## 1152 Norway 2007 4627926 Europe 80.196 49357.1902
## 1163 Oman 2002 2713462 Asia 74.193 19774.8369
## 1164 Oman 2007 3204897 Asia 75.640 22316.1929
## 1175 Pakistan 2002 153403524 Asia 63.610 2092.7124
## 1176 Pakistan 2007 169270617 Asia 65.483 2605.9476
## 1187 Panama 2002 2990875 Americas 74.712 7356.0319
## 1188 Panama 2007 3242173 Americas 75.537 9809.1856
## 1199 Paraguay 2002 5884491 Americas 70.755 3783.6742
## 1200 Paraguay 2007 6667147 Americas 71.752 4172.8385
## 1211 Peru 2002 26769436 Americas 69.906 5909.0201
## 1212 Peru 2007 28674757 Americas 71.421 7408.9056
## 1223 Philippines 2002 82995088 Asia 70.303 2650.9211
## 1224 Philippines 2007 91077287 Asia 71.688 3190.4810
## 1235 Poland 2002 38625976 Europe 74.670 12002.2391
## 1236 Poland 2007 38518241 Europe 75.563 15389.9247
## 1247 Portugal 2002 10433867 Europe 77.290 19970.9079
## 1248 Portugal 2007 10642836 Europe 78.098 20509.6478
## 1259 Puerto Rico 2002 3859606 Americas 77.778 18855.6062
## 1260 Puerto Rico 2007 3942491 Americas 78.746 19328.7090
## 1271 Reunion 2002 743981 Africa 75.744 6316.1652
## 1272 Reunion 2007 798094 Africa 76.442 7670.1226
## 1283 Romania 2002 22404337 Europe 71.322 7885.3601
## 1284 Romania 2007 22276056 Europe 72.476 10808.4756
## 1295 Rwanda 2002 7852401 Africa 43.413 785.6538
## 1296 Rwanda 2007 8860588 Africa 46.242 863.0885
## 1307 Sao Tome and Principe 2002 170372 Africa 64.337 1353.0924
## 1308 Sao Tome and Principe 2007 199579 Africa 65.528 1598.4351
## 1319 Saudi Arabia 2002 24501530 Asia 71.626 19014.5412
## 1320 Saudi Arabia 2007 27601038 Asia 72.777 21654.8319
## 1331 Senegal 2002 10870037 Africa 61.600 1519.6353
## 1332 Senegal 2007 12267493 Africa 63.062 1712.4721
## 1343 Serbia 2002 10111559 Europe 73.213 7236.0753
## 1344 Serbia 2007 10150265 Europe 74.002 9786.5347
## 1355 Sierra Leone 2002 5359092 Africa 41.012 699.4897
## 1356 Sierra Leone 2007 6144562 Africa 42.568 862.5408
## 1367 Singapore 2002 4197776 Asia 78.770 36023.1054
## 1368 Singapore 2007 4553009 Asia 79.972 47143.1796
## 1379 Slovak Republic 2002 5410052 Europe 73.800 13638.7784
## 1380 Slovak Republic 2007 5447502 Europe 74.663 18678.3144
## 1391 Slovenia 2002 2011497 Europe 76.660 20660.0194
## 1392 Slovenia 2007 2009245 Europe 77.926 25768.2576
## 1403 Somalia 2002 7753310 Africa 45.936 882.0818
## 1404 Somalia 2007 9118773 Africa 48.159 926.1411
## 1415 South Africa 2002 44433622 Africa 53.365 7710.9464
## 1416 South Africa 2007 43997828 Africa 49.339 9269.6578
## 1427 Spain 2002 40152517 Europe 79.780 24835.4717
## 1428 Spain 2007 40448191 Europe 80.941 28821.0637
## 1439 Sri Lanka 2002 19576783 Asia 70.815 3015.3788
## 1440 Sri Lanka 2007 20378239 Asia 72.396 3970.0954
## 1451 Sudan 2002 37090298 Africa 56.369 1993.3983
## 1452 Sudan 2007 42292929 Africa 58.556 2602.3950
## 1463 Swaziland 2002 1130269 Africa 43.869 4128.1169
## 1464 Swaziland 2007 1133066 Africa 39.613 4513.4806
## 1475 Sweden 2002 8954175 Europe 80.040 29341.6309
## 1476 Sweden 2007 9031088 Europe 80.884 33859.7484
## 1487 Switzerland 2002 7361757 Europe 80.620 34480.9577
## 1488 Switzerland 2007 7554661 Europe 81.701 37506.4191
## 1499 Syria 2002 17155814 Asia 73.053 4090.9253
## 1500 Syria 2007 19314747 Asia 74.143 4184.5481
## 1511 Taiwan 2002 22454239 Asia 76.990 23235.4233
## 1512 Taiwan 2007 23174294 Asia 78.400 28718.2768
## 1523 Tanzania 2002 34593779 Africa 49.651 899.0742
## 1524 Tanzania 2007 38139640 Africa 52.517 1107.4822
## 1535 Thailand 2002 62806748 Asia 68.564 5913.1875
## 1536 Thailand 2007 65068149 Asia 70.616 7458.3963
## 1547 Togo 2002 4977378 Africa 57.561 886.2206
## 1548 Togo 2007 5701579 Africa 58.420 882.9699
## 1559 Trinidad and Tobago 2002 1101832 Americas 68.976 11460.6002
## 1560 Trinidad and Tobago 2007 1056608 Americas 69.819 18008.5092
## 1571 Tunisia 2002 9770575 Africa 73.042 5722.8957
## 1572 Tunisia 2007 10276158 Africa 73.923 7092.9230
## 1583 Turkey 2002 67308928 Europe 70.845 6508.0857
## 1584 Turkey 2007 71158647 Europe 71.777 8458.2764
## 1595 Uganda 2002 24739869 Africa 47.813 927.7210
## 1596 Uganda 2007 29170398 Africa 51.542 1056.3801
## 1607 United Kingdom 2002 59912431 Europe 78.471 29478.9992
## 1608 United Kingdom 2007 60776238 Europe 79.425 33203.2613
## 1619 United States 2002 287675526 Americas 77.310 39097.0995
## 1620 United States 2007 301139947 Americas 78.242 42951.6531
## 1631 Uruguay 2002 3363085 Americas 75.307 7727.0020
## 1632 Uruguay 2007 3447496 Americas 76.384 10611.4630
## 1643 Venezuela 2002 24287670 Americas 72.766 8605.0478
## 1644 Venezuela 2007 26084662 Americas 73.747 11415.8057
## 1655 Vietnam 2002 80908147 Asia 73.017 1764.4567
## 1656 Vietnam 2007 85262356 Asia 74.249 2441.5764
## 1667 West Bank and Gaza 2002 3389578 Asia 72.370 4515.4876
## 1668 West Bank and Gaza 2007 4018332 Asia 73.422 3025.3498
## 1679 Yemen Rep. 2002 18701257 Asia 60.308 2234.8208
## 1680 Yemen Rep. 2007 22211743 Asia 62.698 2280.7699
## 1691 Zambia 2002 10595811 Africa 39.193 1071.6139
## 1692 Zambia 2007 11746035 Africa 42.384 1271.2116
## 1703 Zimbabwe 2002 11926563 Africa 39.989 672.0386
## 1704 Zimbabwe 2007 12311143 Africa 43.487 469.7093gapminder[gapminder$year %in% c(2002, 2007),]## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 11 Afghanistan 2002 25268405 Asia 42.129 726.7341
## 12 Afghanistan 2007 31889923 Asia 43.828 974.5803
## 23 Albania 2002 3508512 Europe 75.651 4604.2117
## 24 Albania 2007 3600523 Europe 76.423 5937.0295
## 35 Algeria 2002 31287142 Africa 70.994 5288.0404
## 36 Algeria 2007 33333216 Africa 72.301 6223.3675
## 47 Angola 2002 10866106 Africa 41.003 2773.2873
## 48 Angola 2007 12420476 Africa 42.731 4797.2313
## 59 Argentina 2002 38331121 Americas 74.340 8797.6407
## 60 Argentina 2007 40301927 Americas 75.320 12779.3796
## 71 Australia 2002 19546792 Oceania 80.370 30687.7547
## 72 Australia 2007 20434176 Oceania 81.235 34435.3674
## 83 Austria 2002 8148312 Europe 78.980 32417.6077
## 84 Austria 2007 8199783 Europe 79.829 36126.4927
## 95 Bahrain 2002 656397 Asia 74.795 23403.5593
## 96 Bahrain 2007 708573 Asia 75.635 29796.0483
## 107 Bangladesh 2002 135656790 Asia 62.013 1136.3904
## 108 Bangladesh 2007 150448339 Asia 64.062 1391.2538
## 119 Belgium 2002 10311970 Europe 78.320 30485.8838
## 120 Belgium 2007 10392226 Europe 79.441 33692.6051
## 131 Benin 2002 7026113 Africa 54.406 1372.8779
## 132 Benin 2007 8078314 Africa 56.728 1441.2849
## 143 Bolivia 2002 8445134 Americas 63.883 3413.2627
## 144 Bolivia 2007 9119152 Americas 65.554 3822.1371
## 155 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2002 4165416 Europe 74.090 6018.9752
## 156 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2007 4552198 Europe 74.852 7446.2988
## 167 Botswana 2002 1630347 Africa 46.634 11003.6051
## 168 Botswana 2007 1639131 Africa 50.728 12569.8518
## 179 Brazil 2002 179914212 Americas 71.006 8131.2128
## 180 Brazil 2007 190010647 Americas 72.390 9065.8008
## 191 Bulgaria 2002 7661799 Europe 72.140 7696.7777
## 192 Bulgaria 2007 7322858 Europe 73.005 10680.7928
## 203 Burkina Faso 2002 12251209 Africa 50.650 1037.6452
## 204 Burkina Faso 2007 14326203 Africa 52.295 1217.0330
## 215 Burundi 2002 7021078 Africa 47.360 446.4035
## 216 Burundi 2007 8390505 Africa 49.580 430.0707
## 227 Cambodia 2002 12926707 Asia 56.752 896.2260
## 228 Cambodia 2007 14131858 Asia 59.723 1713.7787
## 239 Cameroon 2002 15929988 Africa 49.856 1934.0114
## 240 Cameroon 2007 17696293 Africa 50.430 2042.0952
## 251 Canada 2002 31902268 Americas 79.770 33328.9651
## 252 Canada 2007 33390141 Americas 80.653 36319.2350
## 263 Central African Republic 2002 4048013 Africa 43.308 738.6906
## 264 Central African Republic 2007 4369038 Africa 44.741 706.0165
## 275 Chad 2002 8835739 Africa 50.525 1156.1819
## 276 Chad 2007 10238807 Africa 50.651 1704.0637
## 287 Chile 2002 15497046 Americas 77.860 10778.7838
## 288 Chile 2007 16284741 Americas 78.553 13171.6388
## 299 China 2002 1280400000 Asia 72.028 3119.2809
## 300 China 2007 1318683096 Asia 72.961 4959.1149
## 311 Colombia 2002 41008227 Americas 71.682 5755.2600
## 312 Colombia 2007 44227550 Americas 72.889 7006.5804
## 323 Comoros 2002 614382 Africa 62.974 1075.8116
## 324 Comoros 2007 710960 Africa 65.152 986.1479
## 335 Congo Dem. Rep. 2002 55379852 Africa 44.966 241.1659
## 336 Congo Dem. Rep. 2007 64606759 Africa 46.462 277.5519
## 347 Congo Rep. 2002 3328795 Africa 52.970 3484.0620
## 348 Congo Rep. 2007 3800610 Africa 55.322 3632.5578
## 359 Costa Rica 2002 3834934 Americas 78.123 7723.4472
## 360 Costa Rica 2007 4133884 Americas 78.782 9645.0614
## 371 Cote d'Ivoire 2002 16252726 Africa 46.832 1648.8008
## 372 Cote d'Ivoire 2007 18013409 Africa 48.328 1544.7501
## 383 Croatia 2002 4481020 Europe 74.876 11628.3890
## 384 Croatia 2007 4493312 Europe 75.748 14619.2227
## 395 Cuba 2002 11226999 Americas 77.158 6340.6467
## 396 Cuba 2007 11416987 Americas 78.273 8948.1029
## 407 Czech Republic 2002 10256295 Europe 75.510 17596.2102
## 408 Czech Republic 2007 10228744 Europe 76.486 22833.3085
## 419 Denmark 2002 5374693 Europe 77.180 32166.5001
## 420 Denmark 2007 5468120 Europe 78.332 35278.4187
## 431 Djibouti 2002 447416 Africa 53.373 1908.2609
## 432 Djibouti 2007 496374 Africa 54.791 2082.4816
## 443 Dominican Republic 2002 8650322 Americas 70.847 4563.8082
## 444 Dominican Republic 2007 9319622 Americas 72.235 6025.3748
## 455 Ecuador 2002 12921234 Americas 74.173 5773.0445
## 456 Ecuador 2007 13755680 Americas 74.994 6873.2623
## 467 Egypt 2002 73312559 Africa 69.806 4754.6044
## 468 Egypt 2007 80264543 Africa 71.338 5581.1810
## 479 El Salvador 2002 6353681 Americas 70.734 5351.5687
## 480 El Salvador 2007 6939688 Americas 71.878 5728.3535
## 491 Equatorial Guinea 2002 495627 Africa 49.348 7703.4959
## 492 Equatorial Guinea 2007 551201 Africa 51.579 12154.0897
## 503 Eritrea 2002 4414865 Africa 55.240 765.3500
## 504 Eritrea 2007 4906585 Africa 58.040 641.3695
## 515 Ethiopia 2002 67946797 Africa 50.725 530.0535
## 516 Ethiopia 2007 76511887 Africa 52.947 690.8056
## 527 Finland 2002 5193039 Europe 78.370 28204.5906
## 528 Finland 2007 5238460 Europe 79.313 33207.0844
## 539 France 2002 59925035 Europe 79.590 28926.0323
## 540 France 2007 61083916 Europe 80.657 30470.0167
## 551 Gabon 2002 1299304 Africa 56.761 12521.7139
## 552 Gabon 2007 1454867 Africa 56.735 13206.4845
## 563 Gambia 2002 1457766 Africa 58.041 660.5856
## 564 Gambia 2007 1688359 Africa 59.448 752.7497
## 575 Germany 2002 82350671 Europe 78.670 30035.8020
## 576 Germany 2007 82400996 Europe 79.406 32170.3744
## 587 Ghana 2002 20550751 Africa 58.453 1111.9846
## 588 Ghana 2007 22873338 Africa 60.022 1327.6089
## 599 Greece 2002 10603863 Europe 78.256 22514.2548
## 600 Greece 2007 10706290 Europe 79.483 27538.4119
## 611 Guatemala 2002 11178650 Americas 68.978 4858.3475
## 612 Guatemala 2007 12572928 Americas 70.259 5186.0500
## 623 Guinea 2002 8807818 Africa 53.676 945.5836
## 624 Guinea 2007 9947814 Africa 56.007 942.6542
## 635 Guinea-Bissau 2002 1332459 Africa 45.504 575.7047
## 636 Guinea-Bissau 2007 1472041 Africa 46.388 579.2317
## 647 Haiti 2002 7607651 Americas 58.137 1270.3649
## 648 Haiti 2007 8502814 Americas 60.916 1201.6372
## 659 Honduras 2002 6677328 Americas 68.565 3099.7287
## 660 Honduras 2007 7483763 Americas 70.198 3548.3308
## 671 Hong Kong China 2002 6762476 Asia 81.495 30209.0152
## 672 Hong Kong China 2007 6980412 Asia 82.208 39724.9787
## 683 Hungary 2002 10083313 Europe 72.590 14843.9356
## 684 Hungary 2007 9956108 Europe 73.338 18008.9444
## 695 Iceland 2002 288030 Europe 80.500 31163.2020
## 696 Iceland 2007 301931 Europe 81.757 36180.7892
## 707 India 2002 1034172547 Asia 62.879 1746.7695
## 708 India 2007 1110396331 Asia 64.698 2452.2104
## 719 Indonesia 2002 211060000 Asia 68.588 2873.9129
## 720 Indonesia 2007 223547000 Asia 70.650 3540.6516
## 731 Iran 2002 66907826 Asia 69.451 9240.7620
## 732 Iran 2007 69453570 Asia 70.964 11605.7145
## 743 Iraq 2002 24001816 Asia 57.046 4390.7173
## 744 Iraq 2007 27499638 Asia 59.545 4471.0619
## 755 Ireland 2002 3879155 Europe 77.783 34077.0494
## 756 Ireland 2007 4109086 Europe 78.885 40675.9964
## 767 Israel 2002 6029529 Asia 79.696 21905.5951
## 768 Israel 2007 6426679 Asia 80.745 25523.2771
## 779 Italy 2002 57926999 Europe 80.240 27968.0982
## 780 Italy 2007 58147733 Europe 80.546 28569.7197
## 791 Jamaica 2002 2664659 Americas 72.047 6994.7749
## 792 Jamaica 2007 2780132 Americas 72.567 7320.8803
## 803 Japan 2002 127065841 Asia 82.000 28604.5919
## 804 Japan 2007 127467972 Asia 82.603 31656.0681
## 815 Jordan 2002 5307470 Asia 71.263 3844.9172
## 816 Jordan 2007 6053193 Asia 72.535 4519.4612
## 827 Kenya 2002 31386842 Africa 50.992 1287.5147
## 828 Kenya 2007 35610177 Africa 54.110 1463.2493
## 839 Korea Dem. Rep. 2002 22215365 Asia 66.662 1646.7582
## 840 Korea Dem. Rep. 2007 23301725 Asia 67.297 1593.0655
## 851 Korea Rep. 2002 47969150 Asia 77.045 19233.9882
## 852 Korea Rep. 2007 49044790 Asia 78.623 23348.1397
## 863 Kuwait 2002 2111561 Asia 76.904 35110.1057
## 864 Kuwait 2007 2505559 Asia 77.588 47306.9898
## 875 Lebanon 2002 3677780 Asia 71.028 9313.9388
## 876 Lebanon 2007 3921278 Asia 71.993 10461.0587
## 887 Lesotho 2002 2046772 Africa 44.593 1275.1846
## 888 Lesotho 2007 2012649 Africa 42.592 1569.3314
## 899 Liberia 2002 2814651 Africa 43.753 531.4824
## 900 Liberia 2007 3193942 Africa 45.678 414.5073
## 911 Libya 2002 5368585 Africa 72.737 9534.6775
## 912 Libya 2007 6036914 Africa 73.952 12057.4993
## 923 Madagascar 2002 16473477 Africa 57.286 894.6371
## 924 Madagascar 2007 19167654 Africa 59.443 1044.7701
## 935 Malawi 2002 11824495 Africa 45.009 665.4231
## 936 Malawi 2007 13327079 Africa 48.303 759.3499
## 947 Malaysia 2002 22662365 Asia 73.044 10206.9779
## 948 Malaysia 2007 24821286 Asia 74.241 12451.6558
## 959 Mali 2002 10580176 Africa 51.818 951.4098
## 960 Mali 2007 12031795 Africa 54.467 1042.5816
## 971 Mauritania 2002 2828858 Africa 62.247 1579.0195
## 972 Mauritania 2007 3270065 Africa 64.164 1803.1515
## 983 Mauritius 2002 1200206 Africa 71.954 9021.8159
## 984 Mauritius 2007 1250882 Africa 72.801 10956.9911
## 995 Mexico 2002 102479927 Americas 74.902 10742.4405
## 996 Mexico 2007 108700891 Americas 76.195 11977.5750
## 1007 Mongolia 2002 2674234 Asia 65.033 2140.7393
## 1008 Mongolia 2007 2874127 Asia 66.803 3095.7723
## 1019 Montenegro 2002 720230 Europe 73.981 6557.1943
## 1020 Montenegro 2007 684736 Europe 74.543 9253.8961
## 1031 Morocco 2002 31167783 Africa 69.615 3258.4956
## 1032 Morocco 2007 33757175 Africa 71.164 3820.1752
## 1043 Mozambique 2002 18473780 Africa 44.026 633.6179
## 1044 Mozambique 2007 19951656 Africa 42.082 823.6856
## 1055 Myanmar 2002 45598081 Asia 59.908 611.0000
## 1056 Myanmar 2007 47761980 Asia 62.069 944.0000
## 1067 Namibia 2002 1972153 Africa 51.479 4072.3248
## 1068 Namibia 2007 2055080 Africa 52.906 4811.0604
## 1079 Nepal 2002 25873917 Asia 61.340 1057.2063
## 1080 Nepal 2007 28901790 Asia 63.785 1091.3598
## 1091 Netherlands 2002 16122830 Europe 78.530 33724.7578
## 1092 Netherlands 2007 16570613 Europe 79.762 36797.9333
## 1103 New Zealand 2002 3908037 Oceania 79.110 23189.8014
## 1104 New Zealand 2007 4115771 Oceania 80.204 25185.0091
## 1115 Nicaragua 2002 5146848 Americas 70.836 2474.5488
## 1116 Nicaragua 2007 5675356 Americas 72.899 2749.3210
## 1127 Niger 2002 11140655 Africa 54.496 601.0745
## 1128 Niger 2007 12894865 Africa 56.867 619.6769
## 1139 Nigeria 2002 119901274 Africa 46.608 1615.2864
## 1140 Nigeria 2007 135031164 Africa 46.859 2013.9773
## 1151 Norway 2002 4535591 Europe 79.050 44683.9753
## 1152 Norway 2007 4627926 Europe 80.196 49357.1902
## 1163 Oman 2002 2713462 Asia 74.193 19774.8369
## 1164 Oman 2007 3204897 Asia 75.640 22316.1929
## 1175 Pakistan 2002 153403524 Asia 63.610 2092.7124
## 1176 Pakistan 2007 169270617 Asia 65.483 2605.9476
## 1187 Panama 2002 2990875 Americas 74.712 7356.0319
## 1188 Panama 2007 3242173 Americas 75.537 9809.1856
## 1199 Paraguay 2002 5884491 Americas 70.755 3783.6742
## 1200 Paraguay 2007 6667147 Americas 71.752 4172.8385
## 1211 Peru 2002 26769436 Americas 69.906 5909.0201
## 1212 Peru 2007 28674757 Americas 71.421 7408.9056
## 1223 Philippines 2002 82995088 Asia 70.303 2650.9211
## 1224 Philippines 2007 91077287 Asia 71.688 3190.4810
## 1235 Poland 2002 38625976 Europe 74.670 12002.2391
## 1236 Poland 2007 38518241 Europe 75.563 15389.9247
## 1247 Portugal 2002 10433867 Europe 77.290 19970.9079
## 1248 Portugal 2007 10642836 Europe 78.098 20509.6478
## 1259 Puerto Rico 2002 3859606 Americas 77.778 18855.6062
## 1260 Puerto Rico 2007 3942491 Americas 78.746 19328.7090
## 1271 Reunion 2002 743981 Africa 75.744 6316.1652
## 1272 Reunion 2007 798094 Africa 76.442 7670.1226
## 1283 Romania 2002 22404337 Europe 71.322 7885.3601
## 1284 Romania 2007 22276056 Europe 72.476 10808.4756
## 1295 Rwanda 2002 7852401 Africa 43.413 785.6538
## 1296 Rwanda 2007 8860588 Africa 46.242 863.0885
## 1307 Sao Tome and Principe 2002 170372 Africa 64.337 1353.0924
## 1308 Sao Tome and Principe 2007 199579 Africa 65.528 1598.4351
## 1319 Saudi Arabia 2002 24501530 Asia 71.626 19014.5412
## 1320 Saudi Arabia 2007 27601038 Asia 72.777 21654.8319
## 1331 Senegal 2002 10870037 Africa 61.600 1519.6353
## 1332 Senegal 2007 12267493 Africa 63.062 1712.4721
## 1343 Serbia 2002 10111559 Europe 73.213 7236.0753
## 1344 Serbia 2007 10150265 Europe 74.002 9786.5347
## 1355 Sierra Leone 2002 5359092 Africa 41.012 699.4897
## 1356 Sierra Leone 2007 6144562 Africa 42.568 862.5408
## 1367 Singapore 2002 4197776 Asia 78.770 36023.1054
## 1368 Singapore 2007 4553009 Asia 79.972 47143.1796
## 1379 Slovak Republic 2002 5410052 Europe 73.800 13638.7784
## 1380 Slovak Republic 2007 5447502 Europe 74.663 18678.3144
## 1391 Slovenia 2002 2011497 Europe 76.660 20660.0194
## 1392 Slovenia 2007 2009245 Europe 77.926 25768.2576
## 1403 Somalia 2002 7753310 Africa 45.936 882.0818
## 1404 Somalia 2007 9118773 Africa 48.159 926.1411
## 1415 South Africa 2002 44433622 Africa 53.365 7710.9464
## 1416 South Africa 2007 43997828 Africa 49.339 9269.6578
## 1427 Spain 2002 40152517 Europe 79.780 24835.4717
## 1428 Spain 2007 40448191 Europe 80.941 28821.0637
## 1439 Sri Lanka 2002 19576783 Asia 70.815 3015.3788
## 1440 Sri Lanka 2007 20378239 Asia 72.396 3970.0954
## 1451 Sudan 2002 37090298 Africa 56.369 1993.3983
## 1452 Sudan 2007 42292929 Africa 58.556 2602.3950
## 1463 Swaziland 2002 1130269 Africa 43.869 4128.1169
## 1464 Swaziland 2007 1133066 Africa 39.613 4513.4806
## 1475 Sweden 2002 8954175 Europe 80.040 29341.6309
## 1476 Sweden 2007 9031088 Europe 80.884 33859.7484
## 1487 Switzerland 2002 7361757 Europe 80.620 34480.9577
## 1488 Switzerland 2007 7554661 Europe 81.701 37506.4191
## 1499 Syria 2002 17155814 Asia 73.053 4090.9253
## 1500 Syria 2007 19314747 Asia 74.143 4184.5481
## 1511 Taiwan 2002 22454239 Asia 76.990 23235.4233
## 1512 Taiwan 2007 23174294 Asia 78.400 28718.2768
## 1523 Tanzania 2002 34593779 Africa 49.651 899.0742
## 1524 Tanzania 2007 38139640 Africa 52.517 1107.4822
## 1535 Thailand 2002 62806748 Asia 68.564 5913.1875
## 1536 Thailand 2007 65068149 Asia 70.616 7458.3963
## 1547 Togo 2002 4977378 Africa 57.561 886.2206
## 1548 Togo 2007 5701579 Africa 58.420 882.9699
## 1559 Trinidad and Tobago 2002 1101832 Americas 68.976 11460.6002
## 1560 Trinidad and Tobago 2007 1056608 Americas 69.819 18008.5092
## 1571 Tunisia 2002 9770575 Africa 73.042 5722.8957
## 1572 Tunisia 2007 10276158 Africa 73.923 7092.9230
## 1583 Turkey 2002 67308928 Europe 70.845 6508.0857
## 1584 Turkey 2007 71158647 Europe 71.777 8458.2764
## 1595 Uganda 2002 24739869 Africa 47.813 927.7210
## 1596 Uganda 2007 29170398 Africa 51.542 1056.3801
## 1607 United Kingdom 2002 59912431 Europe 78.471 29478.9992
## 1608 United Kingdom 2007 60776238 Europe 79.425 33203.2613
## 1619 United States 2002 287675526 Americas 77.310 39097.0995
## 1620 United States 2007 301139947 Americas 78.242 42951.6531
## 1631 Uruguay 2002 3363085 Americas 75.307 7727.0020
## 1632 Uruguay 2007 3447496 Americas 76.384 10611.4630
## 1643 Venezuela 2002 24287670 Americas 72.766 8605.0478
## 1644 Venezuela 2007 26084662 Americas 73.747 11415.8057
## 1655 Vietnam 2002 80908147 Asia 73.017 1764.4567
## 1656 Vietnam 2007 85262356 Asia 74.249 2441.5764
## 1667 West Bank and Gaza 2002 3389578 Asia 72.370 4515.4876
## 1668 West Bank and Gaza 2007 4018332 Asia 73.422 3025.3498
## 1679 Yemen Rep. 2002 18701257 Asia 60.308 2234.8208
## 1680 Yemen Rep. 2007 22211743 Asia 62.698 2280.7699
## 1691 Zambia 2002 10595811 Africa 39.193 1071.6139
## 1692 Zambia 2007 11746035 Africa 42.384 1271.2116
## 1703 Zimbabwe 2002 11926563 Africa 39.989 672.0386
## 1704 Zimbabwe 2007 12311143 Africa 43.487 469.7093Challenge 8
gapminder is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted on two dimensions. gapminder[1:20, ] subsets the data to give the first 20 rows and all columns.
gapminder_small <- gapminder[c(1:9, 19:23),]Part 2: Creating Publication Quality Graphics
library("ggplot2")
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point()
Challenge 1
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp)) + geom_point()
Challenge 2
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, color=continent)) +
geom_point()
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) +
geom_line()
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country, color=continent)) +
geom_line() + geom_point()
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) +
geom_line(aes(color=continent)) + geom_point()
Challenge 3
The lines get drawn over the points.
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x=year, y=lifeExp, by=country)) +
geom_point() + geom_line(aes(color=continent))
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color=continent)) +
geom_point()
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point(alpha = 0.5) + scale_x_log10()
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point() + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method="lm")
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point() + scale_x_log10() + geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)
Challenge 4a
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp)) +
geom_point(size=3, color="orange") + scale_x_log10() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)
Challenge 4b
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, y = lifeExp, color = continent)) +
geom_point(size=3, pch=17) + scale_x_log10() +
geom_smooth(method="lm", size=1.5)
starts.with <- substr(gapminder$country, start = 1, stop = 1)
az.countries <- gapminder[starts.with %in% c("A", "Z"), ]
ggplot(data = az.countries, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, color=continent)) +
geom_line() + facet_wrap( ~ country)
ggplot(data = az.countries, aes(x = year, y = lifeExp, color=continent)) +
geom_line() + facet_wrap( ~ country) +
xlab("Year") + ylab("Life expectancy") + ggtitle("Figure 1") +
scale_colour_discrete(name="Continent") +
theme(axis.text.x=element_blank(), axis.ticks.x=element_blank())
Challenge 5
ggplot(data = gapminder, aes(x = gdpPercap, fill=continent)) +
geom_density(alpha=0.6) + facet_wrap( ~ year) + scale_x_log10()